Amanita fulva

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Amanita_fulva.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with hardwoods or conifers; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; summer and fall; widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains.

Cap: 4-10 cm; oval to convex, becoming broadly convex or nearly flat; sticky at first or when wet; tawny brown to brown; sometimes with a few scattered white to tawny patches; bald; the margin prominently lined or grooved.

Gills: Free from the stem or slightly attached to it; whitish; close or nearly crowded; short-gills infrequent.

Stem: 7-16 cm long; 0.5-1.5 cm thick; slightly tapered to apex; bald or slightly hairy; whitish to pale brownish; without a ring; the base enclosed in a sacklike, white volva that fits loosely around the stem and often discolors tawny brown.

Flesh: White throughout; soft; unchanging when sliced.

Odor: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions:KOH negative on cap surface.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 9-11 ; smooth; globose or subglobose; inamyloid. Basidia without clamps; 4-spored. Pileipellis an ixocutis of hyphae 2-6 wide. Lamellar trama bilateral; subhymenium ramose.

Bondarzewia berkeleyi

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Bondarzewia_berkeleyi.html

Ecology: Parasitic on hardwoods (especially oaks), causing a white, stringy butt rot; also saprobic on the deadwood of hardwoods; growing alone or gregariously at the bases of trees; summer and fall; originally described from North Carolina; widely distributed in North America east of the Great Plains; occasionally reported from Mexico. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois, Indiana, and North Carolina.

Fruiting Body: 20-50 or more cm across; consisting of one to several spiraling caps arising from a single, gnarled stem-like structure.

Individual Caps: 6-25 cm across; kidney-shaped or irregular in outline; loosely convex, flat, or with a central depression; dry; velvety or leathery; sometimes radially wrinkled (but never scaly) or with vague, semi-concentric zones of texture or color; white when young, becoming cream colored to dull yellowish and eventually sometimes brownish; not bruising, or occasionally bruising yellowish on the growing margin.

Pore Surface: Running down the stem; whitish; not bruising, or bruising very faintly yellowish to brownish; pores circular when young, 1-2 per mm—becoming angular and wider with age; tubes shallow, often much less than 1 cm deep.

Stem: 4-10 cm long; 3-5 cm wide; usually somewhat off-center and poorly defined; whitish to dull yellowish; dry; tough.

Flesh: White; thick; not discoloring or bruising.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative to orangish on cap surface; negative to dirty yellow on flesh.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-7.5 m without ornamentation; globose to subglobose; ornamented with densely packed, amyloid, blunt-tipped spines 1-2 m long. Basidia 40-50 x 7.5-12 m; clavate; 4-sterigmate. Cystidia not found. Setae not found. Hyphal system dimitic, with thick-walled and aseptate skeletal hyphae, and thin-walled generative hyphae; clamp connections not found.

Cuphophyllus pratensis

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Cuphophyllus_pratensis.html

Ecology: Precise ecological role uncertain (see Lodge and collaborators, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13225-013-0259-0/fulltext.html" TARGET="new">2013); growing scattered to gregariously in hardwood or conifer forests; late spring through fall (or over winter in warmer climates); widely distributed in North America. The illustrated and described collections come from Illinois, Québec, and California.

Cap: 2-6 cm; convex when young, becoming broadly convex to nearly flat; dry, or slightly tacky when fresh; covered with very tiny, pressed-down fibers (use a hand lens), at least when young--but often more or less bald by maturity; brownish orange, fading to orangish buff; the margin not lined.

Gills: Running slightly down the stem; distant or nearly so; creamy orangish; short-gills frequent; often with cross-veins by maturity.

Stem: 2.5-4.5 cm long; 0.5-1.5 cm thick; fairly equal; bald; dry; creamy orangish to whitish; white at the base.

Flesh: Whitish; unchanging when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Taste not distinctive; odor not distinctive, or slightly foul and unpleasant.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative on cap surface.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 5-6.5 x 4-5 ; broadly ellipsoid, sublacrymoid, or subglobose; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 2- and 4-spored; 40-60 long. Hymenial cystidia absent. Lamellar trama interwoven. Pileipellis a cutis.

Lactarius indigo

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Lactarius_indigo.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks and with pines; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; summer and fall; fairly widely distributed in North America from the northeast to the southwestern United States, Texas, and Mexico--but apparently absent in the Pacific Northwest, on the West Coast, and in the northern Rocky Mountains.

Cap: 5-15 cm; convex becoming flat or vase-shaped; the margin at first inrolled; deep to medium blue when fresh; grayish or silvery blue when faded; sometimes developing brownish areas when old; with concentric zones of color, or sometimes evenly colored; sticky or slimy when fresh; bruising and discoloring deep green, especially with age.

Gills: Attached to the stem or beginning to run down it; close; colored like the cap or a little paler; becoming nearly yellowish at maturity; staining green.

Stem: 2-8 cm long; 1-2.5 cm thick; equal or tapering to base; sometimes a little off-center; slimy at first but soon dry; hard; hollowing; usually with potholes on the surface.

Flesh: Whitish, turning indigo blue when cut; staining slowly greenish.

Milk: Deep indigo blue; becoming dark green on exposure.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive; taste mild to (sometimes) slowly, slightly acrid.

Spore Print: Cream.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative or yellowish on cap surface.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-10 x 5.5-7.5 ; broadly ellipsoid to subglobose; ornamentation about 0.5 high, as amyloid warts and connecting lines that sometimes form partial reticula. Pleuromacrocystidia cylindric-ventricose; inconspicuous; to about 60 x 8 . Cheilocystidia inconspicuous; clavate to subcylindric; to about 30 x 6 . Pileipellis an ixocutis. Lactiferous hyphae prominent; reddish brown to brown in KOH.

Agaricus bitorquis

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Agaricus_bitorquis.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously in hard-packed soil—along roadsides, near curbs, in parks, in ditches, and so on (also reported, not infrequently, to arise from cracks in concrete); summer and fall, or winter and spring in warm climates; widely distributed in North America. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois, Colorado, New Mexico, Pennsylvania, and Québec.

Cap: 4-11 cm; convex, becoming broadly convex or nearly flat; dry; bald; sometimes becoming cracked, roughened, or subscaly; whitish; rarely discoloring pinkish in old age or in wet weather; the margin not lined, and not yellowing when rubbed repeatedly.

Gills: Free from the stem; close or crowded; short-gills frequent; pinkish at first, becoming brown and then dark chocolate brown in maturity; covered with a white partial veil when in the button stage.

Stem: 2-6 cm long; 1-3 cm thick; squat and very tough; equal or tapering to base; bald or finely roughened; with a tightly sheathing white ring that often flares outward on its upper edge—and sometimes with a double sheathing ring, or in some collections an almost volva-like sheath; whitish to brownish; not bruising.

Flesh: White; firm; unchanging when sliced, or rarely turning slightly reddish (especially in wet weather).

Odor: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative on cap surface.

Spore Print: Dark brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores: 5.5-7 x 4-5 m; broadly ellipsoid; smooth; thick-walled; brown in KOH, with a pale, contrasting apiculus; brown in Melzer's. Basidia mostly 2-sterigmate. Cheilocystidia inconspicuous; basidiole-like. Pleurocystidia not found. Pileipellis a poorly defined cutis; elements 2.5-7.5 m wide, smooth, hyaline to yellowish or brownish in KOH.

Lactarius hygrophoroides

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Lactarius_hygrophoroides.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks and perhaps with other hardwoods; growing scattered or gregariously; summer; widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains from Texas to Kansas and the northeastern states.

Cap: 3-10 cm; at first convex; becoming flat, with a shallow central depression, or vase-shaped; often dusted with a whitish bloom; finely velvety; dry; the margin even, slightly incurved at first; often slightly rugged; evenly colored dull orange to cinnamon orange.

Gills: Attached to the stem or running slightly down it; distant; whitish becoming cream colored or pale yellowish; not staining, or staining brownish where damaged, sometimes with a lavender stage.

Stem: 3-5 cm long; 0.5-1.5 cm thick; colored like the cap or paler; more or less equal; bald or very finely velvety like the cap; solid.

Flesh: Firm; white.

Milk: Copious; white; unchanging or turning slightly yellowish over time; not staining surfaces, or staining them brownish, sometimes with a lavender stage; staining white paper yellow overnight.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Spore Print: White.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface pale olive.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-9 × 5.5-7 m; ellipsoid; ornamentation under 0.5 m high, composed of isolated warts and scattered connectors occasionally forming partial reticula. Macrocystidia absent. Pileipellis a lamprotrichoderm, featuring a layer of upright pileocystidia, hyaline to ochraceous in KOH, cylindric-aciculate, to about 100 × 4 m, arising from a cellular layer of subglobose elements up to about 30 m across.

Suillus brevipes

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Suillus_brevipes.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with hard pines (species of Pinus with needles in bundles of two or three)— including lodgepole pine, red pine, and jack pine; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; late summer and fall; originally described from "New England" (Frost 1874), and later from the Albany, New York area (Peck 1885); widely distributed in North America from the northeast to the Midwest, the Rocky Mountains, the southwestern United States, and the West Coast (but probably absent in the southeastern United States; see discussion above); reported from Mexico and from Oceania. The illustrated and described collections are from Colorado, Illinois, and Indiana.

Cap: 4-10 cm; convex becoming broadly convex or nearly flat; very slimy when fresh; bald; dark brown to dark reddish or orangish brown, fading to pinkish brown or yellowish brown, often in streaks; the margin at first incurved and pale, with a tiny sterile edge, but without veil remnants.

Pore Surface: Pale yellow, becoming dingy brownish yellow and eventually dark reddish brown; not bruising; 1-2 circular to angular pores per mm; tubes to about 5 mm deep; surface not boletinoid.

Stem: 3-7 cm long; 1.5-3 cm thick; swollen and squat when young, straightening out with maturity; often short, even at maturity; white at first, becoming pale to dark yellow, usually from the apex downward; sometimes bruising brownish; glandular dots usually tiny and concolorous with stem surface (nearly invisible without a hand lens); without a ring; basal mycelium white, or bright to dull yellow.

Flesh: White at first, especially in the cap; becoming yellow with age; not staining when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: Ammonia negative to pinkish on cap surface; pink on flesh. KOH dark gray on cap surface; purplish gray or blue, with a pink ring, on flesh. Iron salts negative or gray on cap; purplish to blue on flesh.

Spore Print: Brown to dull cinnamon.

Microscopic Features: Spores 5-10 (-12) x 2-3.5 m; boletoid-fusiform; smooth; yellowish in KOH. Basidia 20-25 x 4-6 m; clavate; 4-sterigmate. Cystidia in bundles; 30-70 x 4-10 m; cylindric-flexuous, with subclavate, subcapitate, or merely rounded apices; smooth; thin-walled; purple-brown to brown in KOH. Pileipellis an ixocutis; elements 3-7 m wide, encrusted with tiny pigment droplets, brownish in KOH.

Gymnopus luxurians

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Gymnopus_luxurians.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing gregariously or in tight clusters in woodchips, or on lawns (probably fruiting from dead, buried roots), and, rarely, fruiting directly from logs and stumps; summer and fall; widely distributed and relatively common east of the Great Plains; occasionally appearing in western North America. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois and Pennsylvania.

Cap: 3-11 cm; convex with an incurved margin when young, becoming broadly convex, broadly bell-shaped, or flat; dry or tacky; bald; dark reddish brown when young, fading to pinkish tan; often somewhat streaked-looking; the margin sometimes becoming slightly lined in old age.

Gills: Narrowly attached to the stem, often by means of a notch; close; short-gills frequent; whitish when young, but soon darkening to pale pinkish tan.

Stem: 4-7 cm long; 0.4-1.5 cm thick; more or less equal above a slightly enlarged base; dry; tough; often twisted; somewhat longitudinally ridged; finely silky or finely dusted; whitish above, buff to brownish below; darkening with age; often with white basal mycelium and/or rhizomorphs attached to the base.

Flesh: Whitish to pale pinkish tan; unchanging when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive, or slightly fragrant; taste not distinctive, or slightly bitter.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface gray to olive gray—or sometimes very pale gray to negative on older cap surfaces.

Spore Print: White to creamy white.

Microscopic Features: Spores: 7-11 x 3-4.5 m; long-amygdaliform; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Cheilocystidia usually present; 20-40 x 3-7 m; cylindric to clavate, irregular, lobed, or somewhat diverticulate; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Pleurocystidia not found. Pileipellis a cutis of cylindric elements 4-12.5 m wide, brownish-encrusted in KOH except in faded caps, clamped.

let's make sure the habitats of endangered plants and animals are protected for generations to come

Public comments against the rescinding of the endangered species act can be submitted here: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/04/17/2025-06746/rescinding-the-definition-of-harm-under-the-endangered-species-act

Guidance on how to write the comment here
https://imginn.com/p/DJA7OOmMP8e/

Not so fun fact: the endangered species act **doesn't include fungi** because they thought fungi were plants back in 1973. The Philly Mycology club as land stewardship advocates are looking to change that, working on auditing 200 year old specimens with the herbarium at the Academy of Natural Sciences to see which fungi still exist, collaboration with the state conservation mycologist, and collecting specimens for sequencing with a research permit from the DCNR. The Fungal Diversity Survey is also a great initiative being awareness to rare fungi who need their habitats protected!

Boletus roodyi

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Boletus_roodyi.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; summer and fall; originally described from West Virginia (Ortiz-Santana et al. 2009); recorded from Texas to Florida and Massachusetts; possibly widely distributed east of the Great Plains. The illustrated and described collection is from Indiana.

Note: A single, fairly young specimen is described here.

Cap: 5 cm; convex; dry; very finely velvety; bright pinkish red; with a tiny sterile overhanging margin.

Pore Surface: Bright yellow; not bruising; 1-2 pores per mm; tubes to 8 mm deep.

Stem: 6 cm long; 1 cm thick at apex; 2-3 cm thick at base; tapered to apex; solid; dry; bright yellow apically, flecked with red over the lower portion; not reticulate; basal mycelium whitish.

Flesh: Yellow; not staining on exposure.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive when fresh; dried specimens with a vanilla odor.

Chemical Reactions: KOH orangish yellow on cap; ammonia orangish yellow on cap (but see discussion above).

Spore Print: Olive brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 10-15 x 2.5-4 m; boletoid-fusiform; smooth; yellowish in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia about 25 x 5 m; clavate; 4-sterigmate. Hymenial cystidia scarcely projecting; 25-35 x 5-7.5 m; fusiform to lageniform; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Pileipellis a collapsing trichoderm; elements 4-6 m wide, smooth, septate, hyaline to golden in KOH; terminal cells with rounded apices.

Craterellus calyculus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Craterellus_calyculus.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks, and perhaps with other hardwoods; growing scattered, gregariously, or in loose clusters; usually found in mossy areas; spring and summer; probably widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois.

Cap: 8-30 mm across; flat or with a shallow central depression; typically without a perforated center, but occasionally becoming perforated over the center; dry; matted-hairy to finely scaly; dark gray to black, fading to gray; the margin uplifted and often becoming wavy, scalloped, or irregular.

Undersurface: Running slightly down the stem; bald; smooth, or shallowly wrinkled; gray, with a whitish bloom.

Stem: 15-35 mm long; 1-3 mm thick; more or less equal; solid, becoming hollow; bald; dark gray to black; basal mycelium white.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive, or slightly fruity; taste not distinctive.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 9-12 x 5.5-8 ; ellipsoid; smooth; with semi-refractive ochraceous contents in KOH. Basidia 4-sterigmate; 65-75 long. Elements of upper surface brownish to brown in KOH; septate; smooth; 5-10 wide.

Cortinarius iodeoides

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Cortinarius_iodeoides.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks and perhaps with other hardwoods; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; fall; eastern North America and the Midwest--slightly more western in range than Cortinarius iodes, which is more common from about Ohio eastward.

Cap: 2-5 cm; convex to broadly convex or slightly broadly bell-shaped; slimy; smooth; lilac to purple, fading to pinkish gray or yellowish and sometimes developing yellowish spots.

Gills: Attached to the stem; close; lilac when very young, but soon white--and eventually becoming cinnamon to rusty; covered by a cortina when young.

Stem: 2-6.5 cm long; to 1 cm thick; white, but when young covered (at least near the base) by a lilac to purple veil of slime; more or less club-shaped, especially when young; often with a rusty ring zone.

Flesh: Purplish to white; soft.

Odor and Taste: Cap slime bitter. Odor not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface erasing purple to pinkish.

Spore Print: Rusty.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-8 x 4-5 ; ellipsoid; slightly verrucose. Hymenial cystidia absent. Pileipellis an ixolattice.

Suillus salmonicolor

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Suillus_salmonicolor.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with jack pine, Virginia pine, and pitch pine; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; late summer and fall; originally described from Vermont (Frost 1874); probably widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains where the host trees occur. The illustrated and described collections are from Kentucky, Michigan, and Ohio.

Cap: 3-8 cm; convex at first, becoming broadly convex; slimy; bald, but often appearing streaked under the gluten; dull coppery orange, with brownish to grayish streaks and discolorations, becoming brownish orange with maturity; the margin at first inrolled.

Pore Surface: At first covered with a thick, orangish to grayish partial veil that is baggy and rubbery, with a white roll of tissue on the lower edge; dull cinnamon orange at first, maturing to deeper brownish orange, or yellowish; not bruising; 1-2 angular pores per mm; not boletinoid; tubes to about 1 cm deep.

Stem: 4-10 cm long; 1-2 cm thick; equal; covered with glandular dots that are dark brownish red at first but become darker (usually brown to black) with age; whitish to yellowish or orangish; with a thick, sheathing, gelatinous, whitish to orangish ring that usually features a whitish roll of tissue at the bottom and, in age, collapses to form a grayish, bracelet-like band; basal mycelium whitish to pastel orange.

Flesh: Yellowish to orangish in cap; darker orange in the stem; deep salmon orange in the stem base; not staining on exposure; often marbled.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: Ammonia purplish on cap and flesh. KOH purple on cap and flesh. Iron salts negative on cap and flesh.

Spore Print: Cinnamon brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-10 x 2-3.5 m; boletoid-fusiform; smooth; yellowish in KOH. Basidia 22-26 x 4-6 m; clavate; 4-sterigmate. Cystidia in gelatinized bundles, often poorly defined individually; 30-40 x 5-10; cylindric to subclavate; thin-walled; smooth; golden brown in KOH. Pileipellis an ixolattice of poorly defined elements 1-3 m wide, smooth, hyaline in KOH.

Cortinarius collinitus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Cortinarius_collinitus.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with conifers or hardwoods; growing scattered or gregariously; summer and fall; widely distributed in North America.

Cap: 3-9 cm; broadly conic to bell-shaped when young, becoming broadly bell-shaped or nearly convex; thickly slimy; bald; variable in color, ranging from fairly dark purplish brown when young and fresh to orangish brown or yellowish brown; the margin finely lined.

Gills: Attached to the stem; close; lilac to pale purple at first, becoming brownish or rusty brown; often with whitish edges.

Stem: 8-10 cm long; to nearly 2 cm thick; equal or tapering a little to the base; covered with lilac to purple slime when fresh; the slime often remaining as purplish patches, especially over the lower half--or disappearing to leave a whitish surface; often with a rusty ring zone.

Flesh: Whitish to purplish.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative on cap surface and on flesh.

Spore Print: Rusty brown to medium brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 12-16.5 x 6.5-8 ; football-shaped; moderately to strongly verrucose. Pleuro- and cheilocystidia absent. Marginal cells present. Pileipellis an ixocutis with conspicuously clamped elements.

Rhodofomes cajanderi

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Rhodofomes_cajanderi.html

Ecology: Saprobic on the deadwood of conifers (and, rarely, hardwoods); also sometimes parasitic on living trees; causing a brown cubical rot; growing alone or gregariously; perennial; originally described from Finland; distributed in northern Europe, Russia, China, and Japan; widespread in North America and the Caribbean. The illustrated and described collections are from California and Georgia.

Cap: Individual at times, but more often fused laterally with other caps, or arranged in shelves; up to about 20 cm across and 10 cm deep; flat or broadly convex; finely velvety or hairy, or bald when older; often wrinkled; fairly soft at first, but tougher with age; pinkish brown to pinkish purple when fresh and young, darkening and developing vague zones of pinkish gray, pinkish brown, dark brown, or nearly black; usually paler on the margin.

Pore Surface: Pink; bruising darker pink, then slowly brownish; with 3-5 round pores per mm; annual tube layers usually fairly distinct, up to 1 cm deep.

Stem: Absent.

Flesh: Pinkish; unchanging when sliced; faintly zoned; leathery to woody.

Odor: Strong and fragrant when fresh.

Chemical Reactions: KOH instantly black on flesh.

Microscopic Features: Spores 4-8 x 2-3 m; allantoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 10-12 x 3-4 m; clavate; 4-sterigmate. Cystidioles 8-14 x 2-4 m; subfusiform or irregular; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Hyphal system trimitic, with thin-walled clamped generative hyphae; thick-walled non-septate skeletal hyphae, and branching, thick-walled, non-septate binding hyphae.

Entoloma strictius

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Entoloma_strictius.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously under oaks, beech, and other hardwoods; summer and fall; probably widely distributed in eastern North America (my collections come from Illinois, Tennessee, and Kentucky; Peck's original type collection was made on the "[g]round in groves and their borders" in Albany, New York). A similar species is reported by Largent (1994) and Arora (1986), fruiting from fall through spring in northern California. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois, Tennessee, and Kentucky.

Cap: 3-9 cm; conic, becoming broadly conic or broadly bell-shaped, with a distinct but small pointed center; fragile; bald or finely silky; butterscotch brown to grayish brown or tan; damp, losing color markedly as it dries out so that the center is paler, along with streaks elsewhere; the margin becoming finely lined, especially when wet.

Gills: Narrowly attached to the stem; close or nearly distant; whitish to buff at first, becoming pinkish and eventually brownish.

Stem: 5-10 cm long; 4-10 mm thick; slightly enlarged toward the base; finely silky; often twisted; colored like the cap, or paler; with white basal mycelium.

Flesh: Thin; fragile; whitish to brownish when wet.

Odor and Taste: Odor mild, sweetish, or disagreeable; taste not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface negative.

Spore Print: Pink.

Microscopic Features: Spores 8-12 x 6-8 ; mostly 5-sided but occasionally with 4 or 6 sides; smooth; hyaline in KOH, with one large guttule. Hymenial cystidia absent. Pileipellis elements hyaline to brownish in KOH; not encrusted; mostly repent; sometimes somewhat gelatinized. Clamp connections not found.

Boletus barrowsii

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Boletus_barrowsii.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with ponderosa pine and occasionally with spruces in the Southwest and in Colorado—and with coast live oak on the West Coast; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; summer and fall (monsoon season) in the Southwest—or fall and winter on the West Coast; ranging as far north as British Columbia. The illustrated and described collections are from California and Colorado.

Cap: 5-16 cm; convex, becoming broadly convex or almost flat; dry; dull; bald; whitish, becoming pale brownish with age.

Pore Surface: Whitish and appearing "stuffed" when young; becoming yellow and eventually olive yellow; not bruising; 1-2 pores per mm at maturity; tubes to 2 cm deep.

Stem: 5-15 cm long; 2-5 cm thick; club-shaped when young, but usually becoming more or less equal by maturity; solid; whitish; not bruising, but sometimes becoming brownish with age; finely reticulate over the upper portion or nearly overall.

Flesh: White; not staining on exposure.

Odor and Taste: Pleasant; not distinctive.

Spore Print: Olive brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 12-17 x 4.5-6 m; fusiform; smooth; ochraceous in KOH. Hymenial cystidia
30-40 x 10-15 m; clavate to subclavate, or occasionally fusoid-ventricose; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Pileipellis not clearly differentiated from pileus context; upper layer of hyphae cutis-like, hyaline, elements 5-7.5 m wide and smooth, exserted hyphal ends cylindric with rounded apices.

Dermoloma cuneifolium

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Dermoloma_cuneifolium.html

Ecology: Possibly saprobic, since it is sometimes found in grasslands without trees nearby; growing gregariously in grassy areas or in hardwood forests; summer and fall; common in Europe; North American distribution uncertain (reported primarily from the Midwest). The illustrated and described collection is from Illinois.

Cap: 3-5 cm across; at first convex, becoming broadly convex to nearly flat; dry; bald; gray-brown, with a slightly darker center.

Gills: Attached to the stem by a notch; close or nearly distant; short-gills frequent; white.

Stem: 3-5 cm long; 0.5-1 cm thick; equal; bald; dry; white.

Flesh: White; unchanging when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Mealy.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 4.5-7 x 2.5-4 m; long-ellipsoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Lamellar trama parallel. Basidia 4-sterigmate. Hymenial cystidia not found. Pileipellis hymeniform; terminal elements pyriform, 10-25 m across, smooth, hyaline in KOH. Clamp connections present.

Russula brevipes

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Russula_brevipes.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with a wide variety of trees, from conifers to hardwoods (see the discussion above); growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; common; summer and fall, or over winter in warm climates; fairly widely distributed in North America, at least as a species group. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois, Québec, Pennsylvania, Michigan, California, and Colorado.

Cap: 6-20 cm; convex with a central depression and an inrolled margin when young, later broadly convex with a central depression and eventually shallowly vase-shaped, the margin remaining somewhat inrolled or straightening; dry; bald or suedelike; sometimes becoming cracked in age; white to whitish or creamy at first, developing brownish discolorations and sometimes becoming brownish to orangish brown overall with old age; the margin not lined; the skin fairly tightly adnate, not peeling easily.

Gills: Attached to the stem or running down it slightly; crowded or close; short-gills frequent; white at first, becoming creamy; sometimes spotting and discoloring brownish; sometimes bluish to blue, especially near the juncture with the stem.

Stem: 3-4 cm long; 1.5-3 cm thick; sturdy and solid; more or less equal; dry; bald; whitish; usually discoloring and bruising brown to brownish; basal mycelium white.

Flesh: White; sometimes discoloring brownish when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive, faintly foul, or faintly fragrant; taste mild to slightly, moderately, or strongly acrid.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative to faintly yellowish on cap surface. Iron salts negative on stem surface.

Spore Print: White to creamy.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-10 x 5-7 m (but in some collections much smaller: 4-7 x 4-5 m); broadly ellipsoid to subglobose; ornamentation usually about 0.5 m high, as amyloid warts and occasional connectors that may be fairly isolated, or may form subreticulate patterns. Pleuro- and cheilocystidia 35-50 x 7.5-10 m; fusiform, cylindric, or subclavate, sometimes with one or more apical constrictions or knobs; thin-walled; hyaline. Pileipellis a cutis of hyaline to yellowish elements 2.5-5 m wide. Oleiferous hyphae present.

Daedalea quercina

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Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone or in small groups with fused caps on decaying oak wood (occasionally on the wood of other hardwoods); annual or perennial; causing a brown rot of the heartwood; widely distributed in North America, but rare west of the Mississippi.

Cap: 4-20 cm; broadly convex to more or less flat; fan-shaped in outline; dry; smooth or finely fuzzy (generally smoother toward the margin); whitish when fresh, but grayish, brown, or black in age (often darker toward the point of attachment in specimens that are several years old).

Undersurface: Maze-like, with thick walls (about 1-3 mm wide); occasionally developing pore-like or gill-like areas; whitish when fresh, becoming dingy yellowish or pale tan; not bruising; tubes to 4 cm deep.

Stem: Absent.

Flesh: Whitish, or with age brownish; very tough.

Spore Print: White.

Chemical Reactions: All parts dark gray to black with KOH.

Microscopic Features: Spores: 5-6 x 2-3.5 ; smooth; cylindrical to elliptical.